Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia             Ferdinand I Holy Roman Emperor;King of the Romans Reign 5 January 1531 – 25 July 1564 Coronation 11 January 1531, Aachen Predecessor Charles V Successor Maximilian II King of Bohemia Reign 24 October 1526 – 25 July 1564 Coronation 24 February 1527, Prague Predecessor Louis II Successor Maximilian King of Hungary and Croatia Reign 16 December 1526 – 25 July 1564 Coronation 3 November 1527, Székesfehérvár Predecessor Louis II Successor Maximilian Archduke of Austria Reign 1521–1564 Predecessor Charles I Successor Maximilian II (Austria proper)Charles II (Inner Austria)Ferdinand II (Further Austria)   Spouse Anna of Bohemia and Hungary Issue Elisabeth, Queen of PolandMaximilian II, Holy Roman EmperorAnna, Duchess of BavariaFerdinand II, Archduke of Further AustriaMaria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-BergArchduchess MagdalenaCatherine, Queen of PolandEleanor, Duchess of MantuaArchduchess Margaret Archduke JohannBarbara, Duchess of FerraraCharles II, Archduke of Inner Austria Archduchess Ursula Archduchess HelenaJoanna, Grand Duchess of Tuscany House House of Habsburg Father Philip I of Castile Mother Joanna of Castile Born 10 March 1503Alcalá de Henares, Castile, Spain Died 25 July 1564(1564-07-25) (aged 61)Vienna, Austria Burial Prague, St. Vitus Cathedral Religion Roman Catholic Ferdinand I (10 March 1503, Alcalá de Henares, Spain – 25 July 1564, Vienna, Austria) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1558, king of Bohemia and Hungary from 1526, and king of Croatia from 1527 until his death.[1][2] Before his accession, he ruled the Austrian hereditary lands of the Habsburgs in the name of his elder brother, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. The key events during his reign were the contest with the Ottoman Empire, whose great advance into Central Europe began in the 1520s, and the Protestant Reformation, which resulted in several wars of religion. Ferdinand's motto was Fiat iustitia, et pereat mundus: "Let justice be done, though the world perish". Contents   1 Biography 1.1 Overview 1.2 Hungary and the Ottomans 2 Ferdinand and the Augsburg Peace 1555 2.1 Problems with the Augsburg settlement 2.2 Charles V's abdication and Ferdinand's Emperorship 3 Government 4 Name in other languages 5 Marriage and children 6 Ancestors 7 Coinage 8 Titles 9 See also 10 Notes 11 External links Biography Overview[edit] Ferdinand as a young boy Ferdinand was born in Alcalá de Henares, Spain, the son of the Trastamara Infanta Joanna ("Joanna the Mad"), and Habsburg Archduke Philip the Handsome, who was heir to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor. Ferdinand shared his birthday with his maternal grandfather Ferdinand II of Aragon. On the death of his grandfather Maximilian I and the accession of his 19-year-old brother, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, to title of Holy Roman Emperor in 1519, he entrusted Ferdinand with the government of the Austrian hereditary lands, roughly modern-day Austria and Slovenia. Ferdinand was Archduke of Austria from 1521 to 1564. After the death of his brother-in-law Louis II, Ferdinand ruled as King of Bohemia and Hungary (1526–1564).[1][3] Ferdinand also served as his brother's deputy in the Holy Roman Empire during his brother's many absences, and in 1531 was elected King of the Romans, making him Charles's designated heir in the Empire. Charles retired in 1556 and Ferdinand adopted the title "Emperor elect" in 1558,[1][4] while Spain, the Spanish Empire, Naples, Sicily, Milan, the Netherlands, and Franche-Comté went to Philip, son of Charles. Hungary and the Ottomans According to the terms set at the First Congress of Vienna in 1515, Ferdinand married Anne Jagiellonica, daughter of King Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary on 22 July 1515. Therefore, after the death of his brother-in-law Louis II, King of Bohemia and of Hungary, at the battle of Mohács on 29 August 1526, Ferdinand inherited both Kingdoms. On 24 October 1526 the Bohemian Diet, acting under the influence of chancellor Adam of Hradce elected Ferdinand King of Bohemia under conditions of confirming traditional privileges of the estates and also moving the Habsburg court to Prague. The success was only partial, as the Diet refused to recognise Ferdinand as hereditary lord of the Kingdom. The Croatian nobles at Cetin unanimously elected Ferdinand I as their king on 1 January 1527, and confirmed the succession to him and his heirs.[5] In return for the throne Archduke Ferdinand at the Parliament on Cetin (Croatian: Cetinski Sabor) promised to respect the historic rights, freedoms, laws and customs the Croats had when united with the Hungarian kingdom and to defend Croatia from Ottoman invasion.[2] In Hungary, Nicolaus Olahus, secretary of Louis, attached himself to the party of Ferdinand, but retained his position with his sister, Queen Dowager Mary. Ferdinand was elected King of Hungary by a rump Diet in Pozsony in December 1526. The throne of Hungary became the subject of a dynastic dispute between Ferdinand and John Zápolya, Voivode of Transylvania. They were supported by different factions of the nobility in the Hungarian kingdom; Ferdinand also had the support of his brother the Emperor Charles V. Ferdinand defeated Zápolya at the Battle of Tarcal in September 1527 and again in the Battle of Szina in March 1528. Zápolya fled the country, and then applied to Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent for support, making Hungary an Ottoman vassal state. This led to the most dangerous moment of Ferdinand's career in 1529, when Suleiman took advantage of this Hungarian support for a massive but ultimately unsuccessful assault on Ferdinand's capital: the Siege of Vienna, which sent Ferdinand to refuge in Bohemia. A further Ottoman invasion was repelled in 1533. In that year Ferdinand made peace with the Ottomans, splitting Hungary into a Habsburg sector in the west and John Zápolya's domain in the east, the latter effectively a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire. In 1538, in the Treaty of Nagyvárad, Ferdinand induced the childless Zápolya to name him as his successor. But in 1540, just before his death, Zápolya had a son, John II Sigismund, who was promptly elected King by the Diet. Ferdinand invaded Hungary, but the regent, Frater George Martinuzzi, Bishop of Várad, called on the Ottomans for protection. Suleiman marched into Hungary and not only drove Ferdinand out of central Hungary, he forced Ferdinand to agree to pay tribute for his lands in western Hungary. [6] John II Sigismund was also supported by King Sigismund I of Poland, his mother's father, but in 1543 Sigismund made a treaty with the Habsburgs and Poland became neutral. Prince Sigismund Augustus married Elisabeth of Austria, Ferdinand's daughter. Suleiman had allocated Transylvania and eastern Royal Hungary to John II Sigismund, which became the "Eastern Hungarian Kingdom", reigned over by his mother, Isabella Jagiełło, with Martinuzzi as the real power. But Isabella's hostile intrigues and threats from the Ottomans led Martinuzzi to switch round. In 1549, he agreed to support Ferdinand's claim, and Imperial armies marched into Transylvania. In the Treaty of Weissenburg (1551), Isabella agreed on behalf of John II Sigismund to abdicate as King of Hungary, and hand over the royal crown and regalia. Thus Royal Hungary and Transylvania went to Ferdinand, who agreed to recognize John II Sigismund as vassal Prince of Transylvania, and betrothed one of his daughters to him. Meanwhile Martinuzzi attempted to keep the Ottomans happy, even after they responded by sending troops. Ferdinand's general Castaldo suspected Martinuzzi of treason, and with Ferdinand's approval had him killed. Since Martinuzzi was by this time an archbishop and Cardinal, this was a shocking act, and Pope Julius III excommunicated Castaldo and Ferdinand. Ferdinand sent the Pope a long accusation of treason against Martinuzzi in 87 articles, supported by 116 witnesses. The Pope exonerated Ferdinand and lifted the excommunications in 1555.[7] The war in Hungary continued. Ferdinand was unable to keep the Ottomans out of Hungary. In 1554, Ferdinand sent Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq to Constantinople to discuss a border treaty with Suleiman, but he could achieve nothing. In 1556 the Diet returned John II Sigismund to the eastern Hungarian throne, where he remained until 1570. De Busbecq returned to Constantinople in 1556, and succeeded on his second try. Ferdinand and the Augsburg Peace 1555 Ferdinand in 1531, the year of his election as King of the Romans After decades of religious and political unrest in the German states, Charles V ordered a general Diet in Augsburg at which the various states would discuss the religious problem and its solution. Charles himself did not attend, and delegated authority to his brother, Ferdinand, to "act and settle" disputes of territory, religion and local power.[8] At the conference, Ferdinand cajoled, persuaded and threatened the various representatives into agreement on three important principles. The principle of cuius regio, eius religio ("Whose realm, his religion") provided for internal religious unity within a state: the religion of the prince became the religion of the state and all its inhabitants. Those inhabitants who could not conform to the prince's religion were allowed to leave, an innovative idea in the sixteenth century. This principle was discussed at length by the various delegates, who finally reached agreement on the specifics of its wording after examining the problem and the proposed solution from every possible angle. The second principle, called the reservatum ecclesiasticum (ecclesiastical reservation), covered the special status of the ecclesiastical state. If the prelate of an ecclesiastic state changed his religion, the men and women living in that state did not have to do so. Instead, the prelate was expected to resign from his post, although this was not spelled out in the agreement. The third principle, known as Declaratio Ferdinandei (Ferdinand's Declaration), exempted knights and some of the cities from the requirement of religious uniformity, if the reformed religion had been practiced there since the mid-1520s, allowing for a few mixed cities and towns where Catholics and Lutherans had lived together. It also protected the authority of the princely families, the knights and some of the cities to determine what religious uniformity meant in their territories. Ferdinand inserted this at the last minute, on his own authority.[9] Problems with the Augsburg settlement After 1555, the Peace of Augsburg became the legitimating legal document governing the co-existence of the Lutheran and Catholic faiths in the German lands of the Holy Roman Empire, and it served to ameliorate many of the tensions between followers of the "Old Faith" (Catholicism) and the followers of Luther, but it had two fundamental flaws. First, Ferdinand had rushed the article on reservatum ecclesiasticum through the debate; it had not undergone the scrutiny and discussion that attended the widespread acceptance and support of cuius regio, eius religio. Consequently, its wording did not cover all, or even most, potential legal scenarios. The Declaratio Ferdinandei was not debated in plenary session at all; using his authority to "act and settle,"[8] Ferdinand had added it at the last minute, responding to lobbying by princely families and knights.[10] While these specific failings came back to haunt the Empire in subsequent decades, perhaps the greatest weakness of the Peace of Augsburg was its failure to take into account the growing diversity of religious expression emerging in the so-called evangelical and reformed traditions. Other confessions had acquired popular, if not legal, legitimacy in the intervening decades and by 1555, the reforms proposed by Luther were no longer the only possibilities of religious expression: Anabaptists, such as the Frisian Menno Simons (1492–1559) and his followers; the followers of John Calvin, who were particularly strong in the southwest and the northwest; and the followers of Huldrych Zwingli were excluded from considerations and protections under the Peace of Augsburg. According to the Augsburg agreement, their religious beliefs remained heretical.[11] Charles V's abdication and Ferdinand's Emperorship Coat of arms of Ferdinand I as King of Bohemia and Hungary Coat of arms of Ferdinand I as King of the Romans, 1536, Hofburg palace, Vienna In 1556, amid great pomp, and leaning on the shoulder of one of his favourites (the 24-year-old William, Count of Nassau and Orange),[12] Charles gave away his lands and his offices. The Spanish empire, which included Spain, the Netherlands, Naples, Milan and Spain's possessions in the Americas, went to his son, Philip. His brother, Ferdinand, who had negotiated the treaty in the previous year, was already in possession of the Austrian lands and was also to succeed Charles as Holy Roman Emperor.[13] This course of events had been guaranteed already on 5 January 1531 when Ferdinand had been elected the King of the Romans and so the legitimate successor of the reigning Emperor. Charles' choices were appropriate. Philip was culturally Spanish: he was born in Valladolid and raised in the Spanish court, his native tongue was Spanish, and he preferred to live in Spain. Ferdinand was familiar with, and to, the other princes of the Holy Roman Empire. Although he too had been born in Spain, he had administered his brother's affairs in the Empire since 1531.[11] Some historians maintain Ferdinand had also been touched by the reformed philosophies, and was probably the closest the Holy Roman Empire ever came to a Protestant emperor; he remained nominally a Catholic throughout his life, although reportedly he refused last rites on his deathbed.[14] Other historians maintain he was as Catholic as his brother, but tended to see religion as outside the political sphere.[15] Charles' abdication had far-reaching consequences in imperial diplomatic relations with France and the Netherlands, particularly in his allotment of the Spanish kingdom to Philip. In France, the kings and their ministers grew increasingly uneasy about Habsburg encirclement and sought allies against Habsburg hegemony from among the border German territories, and even from some of the Protestant kings. In the Netherlands, Philip's ascension in Spain raised particular problems; for the sake of harmony, order, and prosperity Charles had not blocked the Reformation, and had tolerated a high level of local autonomy. An ardent Catholic and rigidly autocratic prince, Philip pursued an aggressive political, economic and religious policy toward the Dutch, resulting in a Dutch rebellion shortly after he became king. Philip's militant response meant the occupation of much of the upper provinces by troops of, or hired by, Habsburg Spain and the constant ebb and flow of Spanish men and provisions on the so-called Spanish road from northern Italy, through the Burgundian lands, to and from Flanders.[16] The abdication did not automatically make Ferdinand the Holy Roman Emperor. Charles abdicated as Emperor in January 1556 in favour of his brother Ferdinand; however, due to lengthy debate and bureaucratic procedure, the Imperial Diet did not accept the abdication (and thus make it legally valid) until 3 May 1558. Up to that date, Charles continued to use the title of Emperor. Government Posthumous engraving of Ferdinand by Martin Rota, 1575 The western rump of Hungary over which Ferdinand retained dominion became known as Royal Hungary. As the ruler of Austria, Bohemia and Royal Hungary, Ferdinand adopted a policy of centralization and, in common with other monarchs of the time, the construction of an absolute monarchy. In 1527, soon after ascending the throne, he published a constitution for his hereditary domains (Hofstaatsordnung) and established Austrian-style institutions in Pressburg for Hungary, in Prague for Bohemia, and in Breslau for Silesia. Opposition from the nobles in those realms forced him to concede the independence of these institutions from supervision by the Austrian government in Vienna in 1559. After the Ottoman invasion of Hungary the traditional Hungarian coronation city, Székesfehérvár came under Turkish occupation. Thus, in 1536 the Hungarian Diet decided that a new place for coronation of the king as well as a meeting place for the Diet itself would be set in Pressburg. Ferdinand proposed that the Hungarian and Bohemian diets should convene and hold debates together with the Austrian estates, but all parties refused such an innovation. In 1547 the Bohemian Estates rebelled against Ferdinand after he had ordered the Bohemian army to move against the German Protestants. After suppressing Prague with the help of his brother Charles V's Spanish forces, he retaliated by limiting the privileges of Bohemian cities and inserting a new bureaucracy of royal officials to control urban authorities. Ferdinand was a supporter of the Counter-Reformation and helped lead the Catholic response against what he saw as the heretical tide of Protestantism. For example, in 1551 he invited the Jesuits to Vienna and in 1556 to Prague. Finally, in 1561 Ferdinand revived the Archdiocese of Prague, which had been previously liquidated due to the success of the Protestants. Ferdinand died in Vienna and is buried in St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague. Name in other languages German, Czech, Slovenian, Slovak, Croatian: Ferdinand I.; Hungarian: I. Ferdinánd; Spanish: Fernando I; Polish: Ferdynand I. Marriage and children Austrian RoyaltyHouse of Habsburg   Armorial of the Holy Roman Empire Ferdinand I Children include    Archduchess Elisabeth    Maximilian II    Archduchess Anna, Duchess of Bavaria    Archduke Ferdinand    Archduchess Maria    Archduchess Catherine    Archduchess Eleanor    Archduchess Barbara    Archduke Charles    Archduchess Joanna Grandchildren include    Archduchess Anna, Queen of Poland and Sweden    Ferdinand II    Archduchess Margaret, Queen of Spain    Archduke Leopold    Archduchess Constance, Queen of Poland and Sweden    Archduchess Maria Magdalena, Grand Duchess of Tuscany Maximilian II Children include    Archduchess Anna, Queen of Spain    Rudolf II    Archduke Ernest    Archduchess Elisabeth, Queen of France    Matthias    Archduke Maximilian    Archduke Albert Rudolf II Matthias Ferdinand II On 25 May 1521 in Linz, Austria, Ferdinand married Anna of Bohemia and Hungary (1503–1547), daughter of Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary and his wife Anne de Foix. They had fifteen children, all but two of whom reached adulthood: NamePicturesBirthDeathNotes Elisabeth of Austria 9 July 1526 15 June 1545 In 1543 she was married to future King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland and Lithuania. Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor 31 July 1527 12 October 1576 Married to his first cousin Maria of Spain and had issue. Archduchess Anna of Austria 7 July 1528 16 October/17 October 1590 Married Albert V, Duke of Bavaria. Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria 14 June 1529 24 January 1595 Married to Philippine Welser and then married his niece Anne Juliana Gonzaga. Maria of Austria 15 May 1531 11 December 1581 Consort of Wilhelm, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg. Magdalena of Austria 14 August 1532 10 September 1590 A nun. Catharine of Austria 15 September 1533 28 February 1572 In 1553 she was married to king Sigismund II Augustus of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. Eleonora of Austria 2 November 1534 5 August 1594 Married William I, Duke of Mantua. Margaret of Austria 16 February 1536 12 March 1567 A nun. Johann of Austria 10 April 1538 20 March 1539 Died in childhood. Barbara of Austria 30 April 1539 19 September 1572 Married Alfonso II d'Este. Charles II, Archduke of Austria 3 June 1540 10 July 1590 father of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor. Ursula of Austria 24 July 1541 30 April 1543 Died in childhood. Helena of Austria 7 January 1543 5 March 1574 A nun. Joanna of Austria 24 January 1547 10 April 1578 Married Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Ancestor of Charles II of England and Louis XIII of France. Ancestors  Ancestors of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor                                       16. Ernest, Duke of Austria                 8. Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor                         17. Cymburgis of Masovia                 4. Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor                               18. Edward of Portugal                 9. Eleanor of Portugal                         19. Leonor of Aragon                 2. Philip I of Castile                                     20. Philip, Duke of Burgundy                 10. Charles, Duke of Burgundy                         21. Isabella of Portugal                 5. Mary, Duchess of Burgundy                               22. Charles I, Duke of Bourbon                 11. Isabella of Bourbon                         23. Agnes of Burgundy                 1. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor                                           24. Ferdinand I of Aragon                 12. John II of Aragon                         25. Eleanor of Alburquerque                 6. Ferdinand II of Aragon                               26. Fadrique Enríquez de Mendoza                 13. Juana Enriquez                         27. Merina de Cordova                 3. Joanna I of Castile                                     28. Henry III of Castile                 14. John II of Castile                         29. Katherine of Lancaster                 7. Isabella I of Castile                               30. Infante João, Lord of Reguengos                 15. Isabella of Portugal                         31. Isabella of Braganza               The Renaissance coin Coinage Ferdinand I has been the main motif for many collector coins and medals, the most recent one is the famous silver 20 euro Renaissance coin issued in 12 June 2002. A portrait of Ferdinand I is shown in the reverse of the coin, while in the obverse a view of the Swiss Gate of the Hofburg Palace can be seen. Titles After ascending the Imperial Throne Ferdinand's full titulature went as follows: Ferdinand, by the grace of God elected Holy Roman Emperor, forever August, King in Germany, of Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Rama, Serbia, Galicia, Lodomeria, Cumania and Bulgaria, etc. Prince-Infante in Spain, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, Brabant, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Margrave of Moravia, Duke of Luxemburg, the Upper and Lower Silesia, Württemberg and Teck, Prince of Swabia, Princely Count of Habsburg, Tyrol, Ferrette, Kyburg, Gorizia, Landgrave of Alsace, Margrave of the Holy Roman Empire, Enns, Burgau, the Upper and Lower Lusatia, Lord of the Wendish March, Pordenone and Salins, etc. etc.[17] Not always he used all these elements, often omitting few last royal titles (Rama, Serbia and so forth). See also Kings of Germany family tree. He was related to every other king of Germany. First Congress of Vienna in 1515. Battle of Mohács in 1526 Louis II of Hungary John Zápolya, disputed king of Hungary 1526–1540. Ivan Karlović, Banus of Croatia 1521–1524 and 1527–1531. Petar Keglević, Banus of Croatia 1537–1542. Notes ^ a b c Britannica 2009 ^ a b Milan Kruhek: Cetin, grad izbornog sabora Kraljevine Hrvatske 1527, Karlovačka Županija, 1997, Karslovac ^ Ferdinand I, Holy Roman emperor. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001. ^ "Rapport établi par M. Alet VALERO" (PDF). CENTRE NATIONAL DE DOCUMENTATION PÉDAGOGIQUE. 2006. Retrieved 2008-05-02.  ^ R. W. SETON -WATSON:The southern Slav question and the Habsburg Monarchy page 18 ^ Imber, Colin (2002). The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650 : The Structure of Power. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-333-61386-3.  ^ George Martinuzzi entry in the Catholic Encyclopedia ^ a b Holborn, p. 241. ^ For a general discussion of the impact of the Reformation on the Holy Roman Empire, see Holborn, chapters 6–9 (pp. 123–248). ^ Holborn, pp. 244–245. ^ a b Holborn, pp. 243–246. ^ Lisa Jardine, The Awful End of William the Silent: The First Assassination of a Head of State with A Handgun, London, HarperCollins, 2005, ISBN 0-00-719257-6, Chapter 1; Richard Bruce Wernham, The New Cambridge Modern History: The Counter Reformation and Price Revolution 1559–1610, (vol. 3), 1979, pp. 338–345. ^ Holborn, pp. 249–250; Wernham, pp. 338–345. ^ See Parker, pp. 20–50. ^ Holborn, pp. 250–251. ^ Parker, p. 35. ^ Hungary. Titles of European hereditary rulers. Eurulers.angelfire.com (2011-07-02). Retrieved on 2012-03-12. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor A pedigree of the Habsburg Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor House of Habsburg Born: 10 March 1503 Died: 25 July 1564 Regnal titles Preceded byEmperor Charles V Archduke of Austria 1521–1564 Succeeded byMaximilian IIas Archduke of Austria proper Succeeded byCharles IIas Archduke of Inner Austria Succeeded byFerdinand IIas Archduke of Further Austria King in Germany (formally King of the Romans) 1531–1564 Succeeded byEmperor Maximilian II King of Italy 1556–1564 Holy Roman Emperor (elect) 1558–1564 Preceded byLouis II King of Hungary 1526–1564Served alongside: John I and John II Sigismund as contenders King of Bohemia 1526–1564    Holy Roman Emperors   Carolingian Empire Charles I (Charlemagne) Louis I Lothair I Louis II Charles II Charles III Guy Lambert Arnulf Louis III Berengar   Holy Roman Empire Otto I Otto II Otto III Henry II Conrad II Henry III Henry IV Henry V Lothair II Frederick I Henry VI Otto IV Frederick II Henry VII Louis IV Charles IV Sigismund Frederick III Maximilian I Charles V Ferdinand I Maximilian II Rudolph II Matthias Ferdinand II Ferdinand III Leopold I Joseph I Charles VI Charles VII Francis I Joseph II Leopold II Francis II   Book Category    Monarchs of Bohemia   Přemyslid   c. 870–1198 (Dukes) Bořivoj I Spytihněv I Vratislaus I Wenceslaus I Boleslaus I Boleslaus II Boleslaus III Vladivoj Boleslaus the Brave1 Jaromír Oldřich Bretislaus I Spytihněv II Vratislaus II Conrad I Bretislaus II Bořivoj II Svatopluk the Lion Vladislaus I Sobeslaus I Vladislaus II Frederick Sobeslaus II Bedřich Conrad II Wenceslaus II Ottokar I Bretislaus III Vladislaus III   1198–1306 (Kings) Ottokar I Wenceslaus I Ottokar II Wenceslaus II Wenceslaus III   Non-dynastic   1306–1310 Henry the Carinthian Rudolph I   Luxembourg   1310–1437 John the Blind Charles I Wenceslaus IV Sigismund   Habsburg   1437–1457 Albert Interregnum Vladislaus I   Non-dynastic   1457–1471 George of 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III Ferdinand IV Leopold I Joseph I Charles III Maria Theresa Joseph II Leopold II Francis Ferdinand V Francis Joseph Charles IV    Austrian archdukes   1st generation Frederick V Albert VI Sigismund   2nd generation Archduke Cristopher Maximilian I Archduke John Archduke Wolfgang   3rd generation Philip I of Castile Archduke Francis   4th generation Charles I Ferdinand I   5th generation Philip II of Spain* Maximilian II Ferdinand II Archduke Ferdinand* Archduke John* Archduke John Archduke Ferdinand* Charles II   6th generation Charles, Prince of Asturias* Archduke Ferdinand Rudolf V Archduke Ernest Matthias Maximilian III Albert VII Archduke Wenzel Archduke Frederick Archduke Charles Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias* Archduke Ferdinand Archduke Carlos Lorenzo* Diego, Prince of Asturias* Philip III of Spain* Ferdinand III Archduke Charles Archduke Maximilian Ernest Leopold V Archduke Charles   7th generation Archduke Charles Philip IV of Spain* Archduke Philipp Archduke John-Charles Archduke Albert Archduke Charles* Ferdinand IV Archduke Ferdinand* Archduke Alfonso Mauricio Leopold Wilhelm Ferdinand Charles Sigismund Francis   8th generation Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias* Ferdinand IV of Hungary Archduke Francisco Fernando* Archduke Philip August Archduke Maximilian Thomas Leopold VI Archduke Charles Joseph Archduke Ferdinand Joseph Alois Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias* Archduke Ferdinand Thomas* Charles II of Spain*   9th generation Archduke Ferdinand Wenzel Archduke John Leopold Joseph I Archduke Leopold Joseph Charles III   10th generation Archduke Leopold Joseph Archduke Leopold John   11th generation Joseph II** Archduke Charles Louis** Leopold VII** Archduke Ferdinand** Maximilian Franz, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne**   12th generation Emperor Francis I** Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany** Charles, Duke of Teschen** Alexander Leopold, Palatine of Hungary** Joseph, Palatine of Hungary** Archduke Anton Victor** Archduke John** Archduke Rainer Joseph** Archduke Louis** Cardinal-Archduke Rudolf** Archduke Josef Franz*** Francis IV, Duke of Modena*** Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph*** Archduke Maximilian*** Karl, Primate of Hungary***   13th generation Emperor Ferdinand I Francis Leopold, Grand Prince of Tuscany** Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany** Archduke Joseph Franz Archduke Franz Karl Archduke Johann Nepomuk Albert, Duke of Teschen Stephen, Palatine of Hungary Archduke Karl Ferdinand Francis V, Duke of Modena*** Archduke Frederick Ferdinand Archduke Ferdinand Karl Viktor*** Archduke Rudolf Archduke Leopold Ludwig Archduke Ernest Archduke Alexander Archduke Sigismund Leopold Archduke Rainer Ferdinand Archduke Wilhelm Franz Archduke Heinrich Anton Archduke Maximilian Karl Archduke Joseph Karl   14th generation Emperor Franz Joseph I Maximilian I of Mexico Archduke Karl Ludwig Archduke Ludwig Viktor Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany** Archduke Karl Salvator** Archduke Rainier** Archduke Ludwig Salvator** Archduke John Salvator** Archduke Karl Archduke Franz Joseph Friedrich, Duke of Teschen Archduke Charles Stephen Archduke Eugen Archduke Joseph August Archduke Ladislaus   15th generation Crown Prince Rudolf Archduke Franz Ferdinand*** Archduke Otto Francis Archduke Ferdinand Karl Archduke Leopold Ferdinand** Archduke Joseph Ferdinand** Archduke Peter Ferdinand** Archduke Heinrich Ferdinand** Archduke Robert Ferdinand** Archduke Leopold Salvator** Archduke Franz Salvator** Archduke Albrecht Salvator** Archduke Rainier Salvator** Archduke Ferdinand Salvator** Albrecht Franz, Duke of Teschen Archduke Karl Albrecht Archduke Leo Karl Archduke Wilhelm Archduke Joseph Francis Archduke Ladislaus Joseph Archduke Matthias   16th generation Emperor Charles I Archduke Maximilian Eugen Archduke Gottfried** Archduke Georg** Archduke Rainer** Archduke Leopold Maria** Archduke Anton** Archduke Franz Joseph** Archduke Karl Pius** Archduke Franz Karl** Archduke Hubert Salvator** Archduke Theodor Salvator** Archduke Clemens Salvator** Archduke Joseph Arpád Archduke Itsván Archduke Géza Archduke Michael Koloman   17th generation Crown Prince Otto Archduke Robert*** Archduke Felix Archduke Carl Ludwig Archduke Rudolf Archduke Ferdinand Karl Archduke Heinrich Maria Archduke Leopold Franz** Archduke Guntram** Archduke Radbot** Archduke Johann** Archduke Georg** Archduke Stephan** Archduke Dominic** Archduke Friederich Salvator** Archduke Andreas Salvator** Archduke Markus** Archduke Johann** Archduke Michael** Archduke Franz Salvator** Archduke Karl Salvator** Archduke Joseph Karl Archduke Andreas Agustinus Archduke Nicholas Franz Archduke Johann Jacob Archduke Edward Karl Archduke Paul Rudolf   18th generation Archduke Karl Archduke Georg Archduke Lorenz*** Archduke Gerhard*** Archduke Martin*** Archduke Karl Philipp Archduke Raimund Joseph Archduke Itsván Archduke Rudolf Archduke Carl Christian Archduke Karl Peter Archduke Simeon Archduke Johannes Archduke Maximilian Heinrich Archduke Philipp Joachim Archduke Ferdinand Karl Archduke Konrad Archduke Sigismund** Archduke Georg** Archduke Guntram** Archduke Leopold** Archduke Alexander Salvator** Archduke Thaddäus Salvator** Archduke Casimir Salvator** Archduke Matthias** Archduke Johannes** Archduke Bernhard** Archduke Benedikt Archduke Joseph Albrecht Archduke Paul Leo Archduke Friedrich Cyprian Archduke Benedikt Alexander Archduke Nicolás Archduke Santiago Archduke Paul Benedikt   19th generation Archduke Ferdinand Zvonimir Archduke Karl Konstantin Archduke Amedeo*** Archduke Joachim*** Archduke Bartholomaeus*** Archduke Emmanuel*** Archduke Luigi*** Archduke Felix Carl Archduke Andreas Franz Archduke Paul Johannes Archduke Carl Christian Archduke Johannes Archduke Thomas Archduke Franz Ludwig Archduke Michael Archduke Joseph Archduke Imre Archduke Imre Archduke Christoph Archduke Alexander Archduke Lorenz Carl Archduke Wilhelm Archduke Johannes Archduke Ludwig Archduke Philipp Archduke Nicholas Archduke Constantin Archduke Jacob Maximilian Archduke Leopold Amedeo** Archduke Maximilian** Archduke Leopold** Archduke Constantin Salvator** Archduke Paul Salvator**   * also an infante of Spain ** also a prince of Tuscany *** also a prince of Modena    Infantes of Aragon   1st Generation Sancho I García   2nd Generation Peter I Ferdinand Alfonso I Ramiro II   3rd Generation Peter   4th Generation Peter Ramon/Alfonso II Peter, Count of Cerdanya/Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Provence Sancho, Count of Provence Ramon   5th Generation Peter II Alfonso II, Count of Provence Sancho Ferdinand Ramon Berenguer   6th Generation James I   7th Generation Alfonso Peter III James II of Majorca Ferdinand Sancho James, Lord of Jérica Peter, Lord of Ayerbe   8th Generation Alfonso III James II Frederick III of Sicily Pedro James 1 Sancho of Majorca 1 Philip 1 Ferdinand, Viscount of Aumelas 1 James, Lord of Jérica Peter, Lord of Ayerbe   9th Generation James Alfonso IV John Peter, Count of Ribagorza Ramon Berenguer, Count of Ampurias Peter II of Sicily 2 Roger 2 Manfred, Duke of Athens and Neopatria 2 William II, Duke of Athens and Neopatria 2 John, Duke of Randazzo 2 James III of Majorca 1 Ferdinand, Viscount of Aumelas 1 James, Lord of Jérica Peter, Lord of Jérica Alfonso, Lord of Cocentaina   10th Generation Alfonso Peter IV James I, Count of Urgell Fadrique Sancho Ferdinand, Marquis of Tortosa John, Lord of Elche Alfonso, Count of Ribagorza John, Count of Prades Jaime John, Count of Ampurias Peter, Count of Ampurias Louis of Sicily 2 Frederick IV of Sicily 2 Frederick I, Duke of Athens and Neopatria 2 James IV of Majorca 1   11th Generation Peter John I Martin Alfonso Alonso, Count of Morella Peter Peter II, Count of Urgell Infante John of Ribagorza James, Baron of Arenós Alfonso, Count of Ribagorza Peter, Marquis of Villena Peter, Count of Prades James, Count of Prades Louis of Prades   12th Generation James John Alfonso James, Duke of Girona Fernando, Duke of Girona Pedro, Duke of Girona Martin I of Sicily James John Antonio of Urgell James II, Count of Urgell Peter of Urgell John, Baron of Etenza   13th Generation Peter Martin   14th Generation Alfonso V John II Henry, Duke of Villena Peter, Count of Alburquerque Sancho   15th Generation Charles, Prince of Viana Ferdinand II   16th Generation Juan, Prince of Asturias John, Prince of Girona   17th Generation Charles I of Spain Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor   1 also a prince of Majorca 2 also a prince of Sicily